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Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia

Received: 22 September 2021     Accepted: 14 October 2021     Published: 28 October 2021
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Abstract

Background: Consumption of contaminated water can affect human health and even lead to high morbidity and mortality, particularly among under-five children. Thus, determining household water treatment and proper management is vital to eliminate contamination. This study aimed to assess the household water treatment and storage practices among Warta-Nabada residents in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 386 households from the April to June 2018 period. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select sample units from the households to obtain accurate data. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Also, SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis, respectively. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels were analyzed to see a significant association between variables. The statistical significance was declared at a value < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals in the final model. Results: The majority of participants, 291 (75.4%), used plastic containers for water storage at a household level, while 48 (12.4%) used clay pots, followed by 47 (12.2%) cement tanks. Most containers used for water storage were plastic containers due to their availability and low cost. Participants who had containers were 227 (58.8%). Approximately 114 (29.5%) had two containers. The number of people who practice boiling water was relatively low (15.8%). The distance of the water source from household 143 (37.0%) were more than 50 meters, regards to methods for water treatment, 91 (23.6%) were used for chlorination, and 61 (15.8%) were used for boiling, but 45 (11.7%) were used for filtration, and 22 (5.7%) used solar disinfection as well. Therefore, the most common water treatment method used was chlorination, accounting for (23.6%) of the total water treated. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded there were significant variables for age, marital status, occupational, and education of the husband of the household water treatment level. When there was a high risk of acute water diarrhea or cholera, drinking water chlorination, boiling, and filtration were the most common household water treatment practices. Among a group of good practices, there were (73%) while the poor practices group had (27%). However, the majority of residents practice precisely. This study recommended developing a comprehensive national plan for scaling up the household water treatment system with a holistic approach, allowing adequate service provision and addressing the need to provide for the most vulnerable groups with better practices.

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 9, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16
Page(s) 173-179
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Household Water Treatment, Residents, Knowledge Level, Practices, Water Storage

References
[1] UNICEF and WHO: World Health Organization: Progress on drinking water and sanitation: update, Nueva York: UNICEF, available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/81245/1/ 9789241505390_eng.pdf (last access: 5 April 2016), 2012.
[2] Edema OjomoaMark Elliottab Lorelei Good year c Michael Forsond Jamie Bartrama. 2015. Sustainability and scale-up of household water treatment and safe storage practices: Enablers and barriers to effective implementation. Volume 218, Issue 8, November 2015, Pages 704-713.
[3] Brown Sobsey, M. D. and Loomis, D.: Local drinking water filters reduce diarrheal disease in Cambodia: a randomized, controlled trial of the ceramic water purifier, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 79, 394–400, 2008.
[4] Sobsey et al., 2008). Sobsey, M. D., Stauber, C. E., Casanova, L. M., Brown, J. M., and Elliott, M. A.: Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 4261– 4267, 2008.
[5] Subrat K. Pradhan, Upasana Sinha, Durga M. Satapathy, Amit P. Swain, Rudra P. Mishra. 2018. Assessment of household water treatment and storage practices. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph2018076.
[6] Duke, W., Nordin, R., Baker, D., and Mazumder, A. The use and performance of BioSand filters in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: a field study of 107 households, Rural Remote Health, 6, 570, 2006.
[7] Heins broek, A. and Peters, T. Solar Water Disinfection in Developing Countries, CIE5421 Water & Health Technology Review Essay, 2014.
[8] Meierhofer, R. and Landolt, G.: Factors supporting the sustained use of solar water disinfection – Experiences from a global promotion and dissemination programme, Desalination, 248, 144–151, 2009.
[9] Nath KJ, Bloomfield SMJ. Household water storage, handling and point-of-use treatment. Vol. 34, International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. 2016.
[10] Clasen T, Cairncross S. Editorial: household water management: refining the dominant paradigm. Trop Med Int Health. 2004; 9 (2): 187–191. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01191.
[11] Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf. Ali M. Omer. Sayid-omer Yasin. Hussein Jama Had. Mohamed Osman Ali. Prevalence And Factors Associated With Diarrhea Among Children Aged 0-59 Months In Badbaado Camp In Mogadishu, Somalia. Researchjournali’s Journal of Public Health Vol. 4 | No. 11 November | 2018.
[12] A. G. Misati 2016: Published online 2016 Jun 21. doi: 10.1007/s12199-016-0547-x PMCID: PMC5112191 PMID: 27329278 Household safe water management in Kisii County, Kenya.
[13] Bikes D. Bitew, 2017. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mothers/Caregivers on Household Water Treatment Methods in Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.
[14] Mahfouz AA, 1995. Impact of chlorination of water in domestic storage tanks on childhood diarrhoea: a community trial in the rural areas of Saudi Arabia.
[15] Subrat K. Pradhan, (2017). Assessment of household water treatment and storage practices.
[16] UNICEF, 2011. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Study into Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in 24 Townships of Myanmar Available at: http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/WASH-Myanmar_%202011_KAP_Study-red. Accessed January 30, 2017.
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  • APA Style

    Fatima Hassan Adam, Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf, Mohamed Ahmed Alasow, Said Hussein Gedi. (2021). Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia. Science Journal of Public Health, 9(5), 173-179. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16

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    ACS Style

    Fatima Hassan Adam; Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf; Mohamed Ahmed Alasow; Said Hussein Gedi. Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia. Sci. J. Public Health 2021, 9(5), 173-179. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16

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    AMA Style

    Fatima Hassan Adam, Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf, Mohamed Ahmed Alasow, Said Hussein Gedi. Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia. Sci J Public Health. 2021;9(5):173-179. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16,
      author = {Fatima Hassan Adam and Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf and Mohamed Ahmed Alasow and Said Hussein Gedi},
      title = {Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia},
      journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {9},
      number = {5},
      pages = {173-179},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20210905.16},
      abstract = {Background: Consumption of contaminated water can affect human health and even lead to high morbidity and mortality, particularly among under-five children. Thus, determining household water treatment and proper management is vital to eliminate contamination. This study aimed to assess the household water treatment and storage practices among Warta-Nabada residents in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 386 households from the April to June 2018 period. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select sample units from the households to obtain accurate data. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Also, SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis, respectively. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels were analyzed to see a significant association between variables. The statistical significance was declared at a value < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals in the final model. Results: The majority of participants, 291 (75.4%), used plastic containers for water storage at a household level, while 48 (12.4%) used clay pots, followed by 47 (12.2%) cement tanks. Most containers used for water storage were plastic containers due to their availability and low cost. Participants who had containers were 227 (58.8%). Approximately 114 (29.5%) had two containers. The number of people who practice boiling water was relatively low (15.8%). The distance of the water source from household 143 (37.0%) were more than 50 meters, regards to methods for water treatment, 91 (23.6%) were used for chlorination, and 61 (15.8%) were used for boiling, but 45 (11.7%) were used for filtration, and 22 (5.7%) used solar disinfection as well. Therefore, the most common water treatment method used was chlorination, accounting for (23.6%) of the total water treated. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded there were significant variables for age, marital status, occupational, and education of the husband of the household water treatment level. When there was a high risk of acute water diarrhea or cholera, drinking water chlorination, boiling, and filtration were the most common household water treatment practices. Among a group of good practices, there were (73%) while the poor practices group had (27%). However, the majority of residents practice precisely. This study recommended developing a comprehensive national plan for scaling up the household water treatment system with a holistic approach, allowing adequate service provision and addressing the need to provide for the most vulnerable groups with better practices.},
     year = {2021}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Household Water Treatment and Storage Practices Among Residents in Mogadishu Somalia
    AU  - Fatima Hassan Adam
    AU  - Abdirizak Mohamud Yusuf
    AU  - Mohamed Ahmed Alasow
    AU  - Said Hussein Gedi
    Y1  - 2021/10/28
    PY  - 2021
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16
    T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 173
    EP  - 179
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7950
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20210905.16
    AB  - Background: Consumption of contaminated water can affect human health and even lead to high morbidity and mortality, particularly among under-five children. Thus, determining household water treatment and proper management is vital to eliminate contamination. This study aimed to assess the household water treatment and storage practices among Warta-Nabada residents in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 386 households from the April to June 2018 period. A multistage cluster sampling technique was used to select sample units from the households to obtain accurate data. Data were collected using structured questionnaires. Also, SPSS version 21 was used for data entry and analysis, respectively. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate levels were analyzed to see a significant association between variables. The statistical significance was declared at a value < 0.05 with 95% confidence intervals in the final model. Results: The majority of participants, 291 (75.4%), used plastic containers for water storage at a household level, while 48 (12.4%) used clay pots, followed by 47 (12.2%) cement tanks. Most containers used for water storage were plastic containers due to their availability and low cost. Participants who had containers were 227 (58.8%). Approximately 114 (29.5%) had two containers. The number of people who practice boiling water was relatively low (15.8%). The distance of the water source from household 143 (37.0%) were more than 50 meters, regards to methods for water treatment, 91 (23.6%) were used for chlorination, and 61 (15.8%) were used for boiling, but 45 (11.7%) were used for filtration, and 22 (5.7%) used solar disinfection as well. Therefore, the most common water treatment method used was chlorination, accounting for (23.6%) of the total water treated. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded there were significant variables for age, marital status, occupational, and education of the husband of the household water treatment level. When there was a high risk of acute water diarrhea or cholera, drinking water chlorination, boiling, and filtration were the most common household water treatment practices. Among a group of good practices, there were (73%) while the poor practices group had (27%). However, the majority of residents practice precisely. This study recommended developing a comprehensive national plan for scaling up the household water treatment system with a holistic approach, allowing adequate service provision and addressing the need to provide for the most vulnerable groups with better practices.
    VL  - 9
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • Postgraduate and Research Studies Centre, Benadir University, Mogadishu, Somalia

  • Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Mogadishu, Somalia

  • Faculty of Health Science, Benadir University, Mogadishu, Somalia

  • Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia

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