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Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria

Received: 21 May 2015     Accepted: 16 June 2015     Published: 31 July 2015
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Abstract

Background: Measles remains a serious problem of infancy and childhood in the developing world, despite the availability of vaccine. Increasing urbanization is changing patterns of endemicity. Objective: This paper critically examines the epidemiological impact of this nationwide measles immunization campaign and routine immunization, while taking into account any changes in surveillance performance. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 4159 client at the surveillance focal sites scattered across the 123 district (LGAs) and were tested for measles specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). Five (5) ml of blood was collected from each subject into plain sterile bottle following informed consent. Blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated and stored at -20oC until used. Samples were analyzed in batches for measles specific IgM using commercial ELISA (MV-ELISA) (Enzygnost; Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Tests were read on a pre-programmed spectrophotometer Quantum II, wavelength 450/630nm, manufactured by Abbott. Results: In total, 465 (11.2%) tested positive for measles specific IgM antibodies. Of these, 1962 were male and 2197 were female. The highest number of IgM positive cases was found in those less than 5 years (79.8%), while those aged 5-15 years, and 15 years and above recorded 17.2% and 3.0% respectively. The distribution of measles burden between urban and rural setting indicates that urban dwellers 53.8% were more susceptible to measles than rural dwellers (46.2%), this relationship was established as statistically significant with (p< 0.0001) and odds ratio was also high 1.669 (95% CI 1.375-2.025). A high significance of association between development of measles and vaccination status of subjects is also observed in this study (p < 0.0001), while odds ratio was also observed to be high 6.144 (95% CI 4.977-7.511). Conclusions: Improved understanding of measles epidemiology and risk factors are prerequisites for effective control. Possible strategies should include vertical vaccination efforts in addition to routine programmes.

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25
Page(s) 693-698
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Measles, Immunization, Seasonal Variation

References
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[5] World Health Organization (2007). AFRO Measles Surveillance Feedback Bulletin, June 2007
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[7] Samuel Ofosu-Amaah (1983). The control of Measles in Tropical Africa: A Review of Past and Present Efforts. Rev Inf. Dis 5 (3): 546-553
[8] Adeoye IA, Dairo MD, Adekunle LV, Adedokun HO, Makanjuola J. Investigation of a measles outbreak in a Rural Nigerian community – The Aladura experience African Journal of Microbiology Research 2010;. 4(5): 360-366,
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[10] Nmor JC, Thanh HT, Goto K. Recurring Measles Epidemic in Vietnam 2005-2009: Implication for Strengthened Control Strategies. Int J Biol Sci. 2011; 7(2): 138–146.
[11] Akramuzzaman SM, Felicity T. Cutts FT, Md J. Hossain MJ, Obaidullah K. Wahedi OK, Nahar N, Islam D, Shaha NC Mahalanabis D. Measles vaccine effectiveness and risk factors for measles in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2002;80:776-782
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    Bassey Enya Bassey, Alex Gasasira, Goitom Weldegbriel, Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester, Koko I. Richard, et al. (2015). Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 693-698. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25

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    ACS Style

    Bassey Enya Bassey; Alex Gasasira; Goitom Weldegbriel; Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester; Koko I. Richard, et al. Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(5), 693-698. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25

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    AMA Style

    Bassey Enya Bassey, Alex Gasasira, Goitom Weldegbriel, Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester, Koko I. Richard, et al. Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(5):693-698. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25

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  • @article{10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25,
      author = {Bassey Enya Bassey and Alex Gasasira and Goitom Weldegbriel and Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester and Koko I. Richard and Igbu Thompson and Ayodele Benjamin and Sylvester Agwai and Godwin Ubong Akpan},
      title = {Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria},
      journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {693-698},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20150305.25},
      abstract = {Background: Measles remains a serious problem of infancy and childhood in the developing world, despite the availability of vaccine. Increasing urbanization is changing patterns of endemicity. Objective: This paper critically examines the epidemiological impact of this nationwide measles immunization campaign and routine immunization, while taking into account any changes in surveillance performance. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 4159 client at the surveillance focal sites scattered across the 123 district (LGAs) and were tested for measles specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). Five (5) ml of blood was collected from each subject into plain sterile bottle following informed consent. Blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated and stored at -20oC until used. Samples were analyzed in batches for measles specific IgM using commercial ELISA (MV-ELISA) (Enzygnost; Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Tests were read on a pre-programmed spectrophotometer Quantum II, wavelength 450/630nm, manufactured by Abbott. Results: In total, 465 (11.2%) tested positive for measles specific IgM antibodies. Of these, 1962 were male and 2197 were female. The highest number of IgM positive cases was found in those less than 5 years (79.8%), while those aged 5-15 years, and 15 years and above recorded 17.2% and 3.0% respectively. The distribution of measles burden between urban and rural setting indicates that urban dwellers 53.8% were more susceptible to measles than rural dwellers (46.2%), this relationship was established as statistically significant with (p< 0.0001) and odds ratio was also high 1.669 (95% CI 1.375-2.025). A high significance of association between development of measles and vaccination status of subjects is also observed in this study (p < 0.0001), while odds ratio was also observed to be high 6.144 (95% CI 4.977-7.511). Conclusions: Improved understanding of measles epidemiology and risk factors are prerequisites for effective control. Possible strategies should include vertical vaccination efforts in addition to routine programmes.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria
    AU  - Bassey Enya Bassey
    AU  - Alex Gasasira
    AU  - Goitom Weldegbriel
    AU  - Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester
    AU  - Koko I. Richard
    AU  - Igbu Thompson
    AU  - Ayodele Benjamin
    AU  - Sylvester Agwai
    AU  - Godwin Ubong Akpan
    Y1  - 2015/07/31
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25
    T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 693
    EP  - 698
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7950
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.25
    AB  - Background: Measles remains a serious problem of infancy and childhood in the developing world, despite the availability of vaccine. Increasing urbanization is changing patterns of endemicity. Objective: This paper critically examines the epidemiological impact of this nationwide measles immunization campaign and routine immunization, while taking into account any changes in surveillance performance. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 4159 client at the surveillance focal sites scattered across the 123 district (LGAs) and were tested for measles specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). Five (5) ml of blood was collected from each subject into plain sterile bottle following informed consent. Blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated and stored at -20oC until used. Samples were analyzed in batches for measles specific IgM using commercial ELISA (MV-ELISA) (Enzygnost; Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Tests were read on a pre-programmed spectrophotometer Quantum II, wavelength 450/630nm, manufactured by Abbott. Results: In total, 465 (11.2%) tested positive for measles specific IgM antibodies. Of these, 1962 were male and 2197 were female. The highest number of IgM positive cases was found in those less than 5 years (79.8%), while those aged 5-15 years, and 15 years and above recorded 17.2% and 3.0% respectively. The distribution of measles burden between urban and rural setting indicates that urban dwellers 53.8% were more susceptible to measles than rural dwellers (46.2%), this relationship was established as statistically significant with (p< 0.0001) and odds ratio was also high 1.669 (95% CI 1.375-2.025). A high significance of association between development of measles and vaccination status of subjects is also observed in this study (p < 0.0001), while odds ratio was also observed to be high 6.144 (95% CI 4.977-7.511). Conclusions: Improved understanding of measles epidemiology and risk factors are prerequisites for effective control. Possible strategies should include vertical vaccination efforts in addition to routine programmes.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

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Author Information
  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

  • World Health Organisation off Yakubu Gowon Crescent Asokoro, Abuja, Nigeria

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