| Peer-Reviewed

Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012

Received: 27 June 2015     Accepted: 10 July 2015     Published: 18 July 2015
Views:       Downloads:
Abstract

Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by testing sewage samples and stool of healthy children. Kano is the epi-center of polio in Nigeria. Environmental surveillance was introduced in June 2011 in Kano State and in April 2012 in Sokoto State. Methods: Grab method was used to collect sewage samples by trained environmental health workers. The samples were tested in Ibadan Polio Laboratory which is part of the Global Polio Laboratory Network. The Samples were concentrated using the two-phase separation method. Isolation of Poliovirus was carried out in RD and L20B cell lines. Poliovirus identification was done using the micro neutralization techniques. Results: In Kano State, from week 28 of 2011 to week 52 of 2012, a total of 60 samples were collected. In Sokoto State, from week 13 – 52 of 2012, a total of 80 sewage samples were collected from four sewage sites. In Kano and Sokoto, 62 and 93 single or mixed isolates were detected from the samples. In Kano, 39 (63%) of the isolates were Sabin viruses, 16 (26%) were circulating vaccine derived polio viruses type 2 (cVDPV2), 2 (3%) were wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1), 4 (6%) were non polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 1 (3%) were wild polio virus type 3 (WPV3). In Sokoto, 33 (35%) of the isolates were cVDPV2, 27 (29%) were Sabin viruses, 16 (17%) were wild virus type 1 and 17 (18%) were non polio enteroviruses. No wild virus type 3 was detected from AFP cases and environmental samples in Sokoto State in 2012. Conclusion: The results confirm the prevailing immunity gap in polio high risk areas of Nigeria and pronounced immunity gap against type 2 polio virus in Sokoto. Long distance travelers such as nomads play important role in disseminating poliovirus. Special focus should be given to reach and vaccinate such underserved and migrant communities. In addition to the national campaigns with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), an aggressive strategy should be adopted to mop up any detection of cVDPV in cases, contacts, or the environment.

Published in Science Journal of Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 5)
DOI 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20
Page(s) 655-663
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2015. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Polio, Environmental Surveillance, Kano, Sokoto

References
[1] Pallansch MA, Roos RP [2001]. Enteroviruses Polioviruses, Coxsakieviruses, Echoviruses and Newer Enteroviruses, Field Virology. DM Knipe, PH Howley. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PP. 685-775
[2] Semler BL, Wimmer E [2002]. Molecular Biology of Picornaviruses. 1st American society for Microbiology. Washington.
[3] World Health Organization [2002]. Enteroviruses-non polio. Media center. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs174/en.
[4] Public Health Laboratory Network 2000. Polio laboratory case definition. Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing. Available at: http://www.Health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/cda-phlncd-polio.htm/$File/polio.pdf.
[5] Polio laboratory network quarterly update, volume V1, number 2, W.H.O., May 2000; http://www.who.int/immunization_monitoring/62.pdf, accessed May 2012
[6] Fishing for polio, media room, Global Polio Eradication Initiative, 02 April, 2012 http://www.polioeradication.org/Mediaroom/Newsstories/Newsstories2012/tabid/461/iid/211/Default.aspx; accessed June 2012
[7] World Health Organization [2003]. Guidelines for environmental surveillance of polio virus circulation. Vaccines and Biologicals. (ordering code: WHO/V&B/03.03] http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF03/www737.pdf; accessed July 2011
[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tracking progress Toward Global Polio Eradication ---World Wide, 2009-2010. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report , 2011: 60 [14]; 441-446
[9] Khodael et al: environmental surveillance of polio and Non-Polio enteroviruses in Sistan and Balouchestan Province. Iranian J publ Health, Vol.37, No3, 2008, pp.127-133
[10] Manor Y et al. Detection of poliovirus Circulation by environmental Surveillance in the Absence of Clinical cases in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Journal of clinical microbiology, June 2009, P.1670-1675
[11] Weekly epidemiological record, World health Organization, progress towards eradicating poliomyelitis-Nigeria, January 2010 – June 2011, www.polioeradication.org/mdb.aspx;
[12] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [2005]. Progress towards Poliomyelitis Eradication, Poliomyelitis Outbreak in Sudan, 2004. MMWR, 54 (4]97-9.
[13] Polio news, Global Polio Eradication Initiative, March edition, http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Media/Newsletter/PN201203_EN.pdf;
[14] National AFP database, FMoH, Nigeria.
[15] Global polio update, 30 May 2012 (email circulation to a global list).
[16] 19th Meeting of the Expert Review Committee (ERC) meeting on polio eradication and routine immunization in Nigeria, Minna, Nigeria, 22-24 Sep, 2010
[17] Report of the 23rd meeting of the Expert Review Committee (ERC) on polio eradication and routine immunization in Nigeria, Major findings and recommendations, Abuja, Nigeria, 28-29 March, 2012
[18] Report of the 24th meeting of the Expert Review Committee (ERC) on polio eradication and routine immunization in Nigeria, Major findings and recommendations, Abuja, Nigeria, 10 – 11 September, 2012
[19] National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria National Polio eradication emergency plan, 2012.
[20] Polio’s last stand? Report of the Independent monitoring board of the global polio eradication initiative, November 2012. http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Aboutus/Governance/IMB/7IMBMeeting/7IMB_Report_EN.pdf.
Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Goitom Weldegebriel, Adekunle Adeneji, Alex Gasasira, David Okello, Chris Elemuwa, et al. (2015). Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012. Science Journal of Public Health, 3(5), 655-663. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20

    Copy | Download

    ACS Style

    Goitom Weldegebriel; Adekunle Adeneji; Alex Gasasira; David Okello; Chris Elemuwa, et al. Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012. Sci. J. Public Health 2015, 3(5), 655-663. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20

    Copy | Download

    AMA Style

    Goitom Weldegebriel, Adekunle Adeneji, Alex Gasasira, David Okello, Chris Elemuwa, et al. Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012. Sci J Public Health. 2015;3(5):655-663. doi: 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20

    Copy | Download

  • @article{10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20,
      author = {Goitom Weldegebriel and Adekunle Adeneji and Alex Gasasira and David Okello and Chris Elemuwa and Asghar Humayun and Ousmane Diop and Rakoto Mala},
      title = {Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012},
      journal = {Science Journal of Public Health},
      volume = {3},
      number = {5},
      pages = {655-663},
      doi = {10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjph.20150305.20},
      abstract = {Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by testing sewage samples and stool of healthy children. Kano is the epi-center of polio in Nigeria. Environmental surveillance was introduced in June 2011 in Kano State and in April 2012 in Sokoto State. Methods: Grab method was used to collect sewage samples by trained environmental health workers. The samples were tested in Ibadan Polio Laboratory which is part of the Global Polio Laboratory Network. The Samples were concentrated using the two-phase separation method. Isolation of Poliovirus was carried out in RD and L20B cell lines. Poliovirus identification was done using the micro neutralization techniques. Results: In Kano State, from week 28 of 2011 to week 52 of 2012, a total of 60 samples were collected. In Sokoto State, from week 13 – 52 of 2012, a total of 80 sewage samples were collected from four sewage sites. In Kano and Sokoto, 62 and 93 single or mixed isolates were detected from the samples. In Kano, 39 (63%) of the isolates were Sabin viruses, 16 (26%) were circulating vaccine derived polio viruses type 2 (cVDPV2), 2 (3%) were wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1), 4 (6%) were non polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 1 (3%) were wild polio virus type 3 (WPV3). In Sokoto, 33 (35%) of the isolates were cVDPV2, 27 (29%) were Sabin viruses, 16 (17%) were wild virus type 1 and 17 (18%) were non polio enteroviruses. No wild virus type 3 was detected from AFP cases and environmental samples in Sokoto State in 2012. Conclusion: The results confirm the prevailing immunity gap in polio high risk areas of Nigeria and pronounced immunity gap against type 2 polio virus in Sokoto. Long distance travelers such as nomads play important role in disseminating poliovirus. Special focus should be given to reach and vaccinate such underserved and migrant communities. In addition to the national campaigns with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), an aggressive strategy should be adopted to mop up any detection of cVDPV in cases, contacts, or the environment.},
     year = {2015}
    }
    

    Copy | Download

  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012
    AU  - Goitom Weldegebriel
    AU  - Adekunle Adeneji
    AU  - Alex Gasasira
    AU  - David Okello
    AU  - Chris Elemuwa
    AU  - Asghar Humayun
    AU  - Ousmane Diop
    AU  - Rakoto Mala
    Y1  - 2015/07/18
    PY  - 2015
    N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20
    DO  - 10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20
    T2  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JF  - Science Journal of Public Health
    JO  - Science Journal of Public Health
    SP  - 655
    EP  - 663
    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2328-7950
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20150305.20
    AB  - Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by testing sewage samples and stool of healthy children. Kano is the epi-center of polio in Nigeria. Environmental surveillance was introduced in June 2011 in Kano State and in April 2012 in Sokoto State. Methods: Grab method was used to collect sewage samples by trained environmental health workers. The samples were tested in Ibadan Polio Laboratory which is part of the Global Polio Laboratory Network. The Samples were concentrated using the two-phase separation method. Isolation of Poliovirus was carried out in RD and L20B cell lines. Poliovirus identification was done using the micro neutralization techniques. Results: In Kano State, from week 28 of 2011 to week 52 of 2012, a total of 60 samples were collected. In Sokoto State, from week 13 – 52 of 2012, a total of 80 sewage samples were collected from four sewage sites. In Kano and Sokoto, 62 and 93 single or mixed isolates were detected from the samples. In Kano, 39 (63%) of the isolates were Sabin viruses, 16 (26%) were circulating vaccine derived polio viruses type 2 (cVDPV2), 2 (3%) were wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1), 4 (6%) were non polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 1 (3%) were wild polio virus type 3 (WPV3). In Sokoto, 33 (35%) of the isolates were cVDPV2, 27 (29%) were Sabin viruses, 16 (17%) were wild virus type 1 and 17 (18%) were non polio enteroviruses. No wild virus type 3 was detected from AFP cases and environmental samples in Sokoto State in 2012. Conclusion: The results confirm the prevailing immunity gap in polio high risk areas of Nigeria and pronounced immunity gap against type 2 polio virus in Sokoto. Long distance travelers such as nomads play important role in disseminating poliovirus. Special focus should be given to reach and vaccinate such underserved and migrant communities. In addition to the national campaigns with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), an aggressive strategy should be adopted to mop up any detection of cVDPV in cases, contacts, or the environment.
    VL  - 3
    IS  - 5
    ER  - 

    Copy | Download

Author Information
  • World Health Organization, Nigeria, Abuja

  • University of Ibadan, department of Virology, Nigeria

  • World Health Organization, Nigeria, Abuja

  • World Health Organization, Nigeria, Abuja

  • National Primary Health Care Development Agency, Nigeria, Abuja

  • World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Cairo

  • World Health Organization, Geneva

  • World Health Organization, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville

  • Sections