Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo

Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna; Jeff Milibe Kolani; Kossitse Venyo Akpataku; Ibrahim Tchakala; Lallébila Tampo; Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye; Moctar Limam Bawa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo

Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna^*

, Jeff Milibe Kolani, Kossitse Venyo Akpataku

, Ibrahim Tchakala

, Lallébila Tampo

, Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye

, Moctar Limam Bawa

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 12, Issue 6)

Received: 18 November 2024 Accepted: 19 December 2024 Published: 27 December 2024

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Abstract

The reliance on borehole water necessitates a thorough understanding of its quality. Due to water shortage, many households in the city of Kara use water from boreholes directly supplied untreated in the dry and wet seasons. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the chlorine demand of raw water from private boreholes and perform a spatiotemporal evaluation of the water quality in the city of Kara, Togo. Two sampling campaigns spread over dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons in April and August 2023, were carried out to capture seasonal and spatial differences across various boreholes (n=32) in the study area. The physicochemical parameters and germ indicators of fecal contamination were assessed via the standardized method (AFNOR) and WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ). The correlation matrix analysis revealed a complex effect from the dissolution of local rocks (amphibolites, pyroxenites, etc.) and anthropogenic activities. Water was noncompliant concerning faecal contamination in 84.3% of the cases in the dry season (DS) and 96.37% of the cases in the rainy season (RS). The color, TH, TAC, turbidity, FeT, nitrate ion, and electrical conductivity values for some boreholes were outside the GDWQ values. Boreholes F8, F9, and F25 have very high Larson corrosion index (LR>1.2). The chlorine demand varies according to the season, ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 mg/L in DS and from 0.25 to 2.45 mg/L in RS. Regular monitoring is needed to ensure safe drinking water from boreholes in Kara.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 12, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14
Page(s)	158-172
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Chlorine Demand, Private Borehole Water, Larson Corrosion Index, Germs Indicator of Faecal Contamination

References

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APA Style

Dougna, A. A., Kolani, J. M., Akpataku, K. V., Tchakala, I., Tampo, L., et al. (2024). Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 12(6), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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ACS Style

Dougna, A. A.; Kolani, J. M.; Akpataku, K. V.; Tchakala, I.; Tampo, L., et al. Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2024, 12(6), 158-172. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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AMA Style

Dougna AA, Kolani JM, Akpataku KV, Tchakala I, Tampo L, et al. Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. Am J Appl Chem. 2024;12(6):158-172. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14,
  author = {Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna and Jeff Milibe Kolani and Kossitse Venyo Akpataku and Ibrahim Tchakala and Lallébila Tampo and Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye and Moctar Limam Bawa},
  title = {Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo
},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {158-172},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20241206.14},
  abstract = {The reliance on borehole water necessitates a thorough understanding of its quality. Due to water shortage, many households in the city of Kara use water from boreholes directly supplied untreated in the dry and wet seasons. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the chlorine demand of raw water from private boreholes and perform a spatiotemporal evaluation of the water quality in the city of Kara, Togo. Two sampling campaigns spread over dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons in April and August 2023, were carried out to capture seasonal and spatial differences across various boreholes (n=32) in the study area. The physicochemical parameters and germ indicators of fecal contamination were assessed via the standardized method (AFNOR) and WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ). The correlation matrix analysis revealed a complex effect from the dissolution of local rocks (amphibolites, pyroxenites, etc.) and anthropogenic activities. Water was noncompliant concerning faecal contamination in 84.3% of the cases in the dry season (DS) and 96.37% of the cases in the rainy season (RS). The color, TH, TAC, turbidity, FeT, nitrate ion, and electrical conductivity values for some boreholes were outside the GDWQ values. Boreholes F8, F9, and F25 have very high Larson corrosion index (LR>1.2). The chlorine demand varies according to the season, ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 mg/L in DS and from 0.25 to 2.45 mg/L in RS. Regular monitoring is needed to ensure safe drinking water from boreholes in Kara.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo

AU - Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna
AU - Jeff Milibe Kolani
AU - Kossitse Venyo Akpataku
AU - Ibrahim Tchakala
AU - Lallébila Tampo
AU - Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye
AU - Moctar Limam Bawa
Y1 - 2024/12/27
PY - 2024
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14
DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14
T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP - 158
EP - 172
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-8745
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14
AB - The reliance on borehole water necessitates a thorough understanding of its quality. Due to water shortage, many households in the city of Kara use water from boreholes directly supplied untreated in the dry and wet seasons. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the chlorine demand of raw water from private boreholes and perform a spatiotemporal evaluation of the water quality in the city of Kara, Togo. Two sampling campaigns spread over dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons in April and August 2023, were carried out to capture seasonal and spatial differences across various boreholes (n=32) in the study area. The physicochemical parameters and germ indicators of fecal contamination were assessed via the standardized method (AFNOR) and WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ). The correlation matrix analysis revealed a complex effect from the dissolution of local rocks (amphibolites, pyroxenites, etc.) and anthropogenic activities. Water was noncompliant concerning faecal contamination in 84.3% of the cases in the dry season (DS) and 96.37% of the cases in the rainy season (RS). The color, TH, TAC, turbidity, FeT, nitrate ion, and electrical conductivity values for some boreholes were outside the GDWQ values. Boreholes F8, F9, and F25 have very high Larson corrosion index (LR>1.2). The chlorine demand varies according to the season, ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 mg/L in DS and from 0.25 to 2.45 mg/L in RS. Regular monitoring is needed to ensure safe drinking water from boreholes in Kara.

VL - 12
IS - 6
ER -

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Author Information

Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-4453
Jeff Milibe Kolani

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

Contact Email
Kossitse Venyo Akpataku

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-5608
Ibrahim Tchakala

Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6604-4538
Lallébila Tampo

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-2901
Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-706X
Moctar Limam Bawa

Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and the Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo

Contact Email

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APA Style

Dougna, A. A., Kolani, J. M., Akpataku, K. V., Tchakala, I., Tampo, L., et al. (2024). Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 12(6), 158-172. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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ACS Style

Dougna, A. A.; Kolani, J. M.; Akpataku, K. V.; Tchakala, I.; Tampo, L., et al. Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2024, 12(6), 158-172. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

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AMA Style

Dougna AA, Kolani JM, Akpataku KV, Tchakala I, Tampo L, et al. Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo. Am J Appl Chem. 2024;12(6):158-172. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14,
  author = {Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna and Jeff Milibe Kolani and Kossitse Venyo Akpataku and Ibrahim Tchakala and Lallébila Tampo and Alfa-Sika Mande Seyf-Laye and Moctar Limam Bawa},
  title = {Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo
},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {158-172},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20241206.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20241206.14},
  abstract = {The reliance on borehole water necessitates a thorough understanding of its quality. Due to water shortage, many households in the city of Kara use water from boreholes directly supplied untreated in the dry and wet seasons. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate the chlorine demand of raw water from private boreholes and perform a spatiotemporal evaluation of the water quality in the city of Kara, Togo. Two sampling campaigns spread over dry (DS) and rainy (RS) seasons in April and August 2023, were carried out to capture seasonal and spatial differences across various boreholes (n=32) in the study area. The physicochemical parameters and germ indicators of fecal contamination were assessed via the standardized method (AFNOR) and WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality (GDWQ). The correlation matrix analysis revealed a complex effect from the dissolution of local rocks (amphibolites, pyroxenites, etc.) and anthropogenic activities. Water was noncompliant concerning faecal contamination in 84.3% of the cases in the dry season (DS) and 96.37% of the cases in the rainy season (RS). The color, TH, TAC, turbidity, FeT, nitrate ion, and electrical conductivity values for some boreholes were outside the GDWQ values. Boreholes F8, F9, and F25 have very high Larson corrosion index (LR>1.2). The chlorine demand varies according to the season, ranging from 0.25 to 6.0 mg/L in DS and from 0.25 to 2.45 mg/L in RS. Regular monitoring is needed to ensure safe drinking water from boreholes in Kara.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Quality and Chlorine Demand of Private Raw Borehole Water in the City of Kara, Togo

VL - 12
IS - 6
ER -

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